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DNA sampling - Kit
DNA Test
DNA Test - Paternity
DNA testing grandparents grandchildren
DNA Tests - Judicial Proceedings
Frequently asked questions and answers
Glossary of specific terms
Maternity DNA tests
NON - invasive Prenatal DNA
Sibling DNA testing
Uncles-nephews DNA tests
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<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;">As we have recently seen in other previous articles about the different DNA tests, you can find a wide variety of terms that, if not properly understood, can lead to more doubts instead of solving them. Therefore, we have designed a new section for all our clients called "Glossary of specific terms".</span></p> <p> </p> <p><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="/cms/uploads/editor/20221004010720_senior-man-with-two-young-children-father-test-paternity-dna.jpg" alt="father with young children paternity test." width="462" height="308" /></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a title="Glossary Part Two" href="https://homednapaternitykit.com/article/glossary-of-specific-terms-words-from-m-to-z-32" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Glossary from M to Z</a></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 12pt;">This section, which you may well have in an additional tab (in addition to the tabs you have opened in your browser, looking at our various articles) will teach you to decode those terms that, specifically speaking, can be difficult to understand. both results and also different procedures or varied instances.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="/cms/uploads/editor/20221004010803_analysis-sample-in-laboratory.jpg" alt="analysis sample laboratory dna" width="503" height="335" /></p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Therefore, we have taken a little time to bring you all those terms related to genetics, so that you take them into account when: interpreting results, researching about a certain topic as soon as you want to carry out a test for different reasons, or simply to clear up doubts and read these terms.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Let's start....</span></p> <h3> </h3> <p> </p> <p><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="/cms/uploads/editor/20221004010832_books-definitions-glasses-phone-search-internet.jpg" alt="books definitions glossary dna genetic" width="488" height="366" /></p> <h3> </h3> <h3><br /><span style="text-decoration: underline; font-size: 14pt;"><strong>Definitions of terms between A and L</strong></span></h3> <p> </p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A</span></strong></span></p> <div id="tw-target-text-container" class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Allele: </span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">One of two or more DNA sequences found at a given gene locus. Usually there is one common allele (normal DNA sequence) and the others are rare alleles (mutations).</span></p> <div id="tw-target-text-container" class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Allelic heterogeneity: </span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Presence of different variants at a specific gene locus that produce the same or similar phenotypic expression of a disease or condition.</span></p> </div> <div id="tw-target-text-container" class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Aneuploidy: </span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Presence of one or more chromosomes, or absence of chromosomes leading to an imbalance in the chromosome complement. It also refers to any chromosome number that is not an exact multiple of the haploid number (23).</span></p> </div> <div class="iYB33c"> <div class="dlJLJe"> <div data-cviv="false" data-ved="2ahUKEwiW1M3tgMX6AhUGqJUCHVhFBgsQz_AEegQIARAP"> <div class="U9URNb"> <div class="iYB33c"> <div id="tw-tmenu" class="tw-menu"> <div id="tw-target-text-container" class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Autosomal: </span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Relating to any of the 22 pairs of chromosomes in most human cells, these are numbered 1 through 22.</span></p> <div id="tw-target-text-container" class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Autosomal dominant inheritance: </span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Autosomal type of inheritance that refers to genetic conditions that occur when a mutation in one copy of a given gene is inherited (ie, the person is heterozygous).</span></p> <div id="tw-target-text-container" class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Autosomal recessive inheritance: </span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">One of the forms of inheritance of a genetic trait or condition. In autosomal recessive inheritance, the genetic condition occurs when the variant is in both alleles of a given gene.</span></p> <p> </p> </div> <div id="tw-target-rmn-container" class="tw-target-rmn tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl"> <pre id="tw-target-rmn" class="tw-data-placeholder tw-text-small tw-ta" dir="ltr" data-placeholder=""></pre> </div> <div class="iYB33c"> <div class="dlJLJe"> <div data-cviv="false" data-ved="2ahUKEwiW1M3tgMX6AhUGqJUCHVhFBgsQz_AEegQIARAP"> <div class="U9URNb"> </div> <div class="U9URNb"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="/cms/uploads/editor/20221004010930_children-paternity-test-dna-testing.jpg" alt="children paternity maternity test dna" width="467" height="311" /></div> <div class="U9URNb"><strong><img id="dimg_3" class="YQ4gaf zr758c wA1Bge" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAQAAAAngNWGAAABDUlEQVR4AYXRgUZDYRjH4TegFTKgpEqiFJgoWAoMEQGBgBboChaaAKxLKAhAhQqAdAmpBIQolkCFqp2nITvNKXuA7+/Hhzey5OWjE4Nq3rzY1f9/NGHPB549492+8Ww060iCS2XdctZdI3GsECmb+HJoIX6x6EgDm+lURTH+YB7V9nAqE5WNme4YKuOiY6iMe6PaQxUUIuTbswgFVNJwA8sO3Bn6yR6bWZMSNtJwDtuWfHpQxaPx9C9zadil7jrCigbq6UXceNIVKTWUIqypm2ytJdTiNyNeXclF6GttOVfeDEc7qzjR23r3OMFqZKng1kw0mXGLrfibHTScOZWgGv9TdC6ROFeMTgwYiIxvJzMRWQbeGZUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" alt="Ícono de validado por la comunidad" width="16" height="16" data-atf="0" data-frt="0" /></strong></div> <div class="U9URNb"> </div> <div class="U9URNb"> </div> </div> </div> <div id="tw-tmenu" class="tw-menu"></div> </div> <strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">B</span></span></strong></div> </div> <div class="iYB33c"> <div id="tw-tmenu" class="tw-menu"> <div id="tw-target-text-container" class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Band: </span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Chromosomal banding configuration is useful for determining the specific number of each chromosome and evaluating its structure.</span></p> </div> <div class="iYB33c"> <div id="tw-tmenu" class="tw-menu"> <div id="tw-target-text-container" class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Biallelic:</span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;"> It concerns both alleles of a gene (paternal allele and maternal allele). For example, carriers of biallelic mutations have a mutation in both copies of a specific gene (a mutation of paternal origin and a mutation of maternal origin).</span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="tw-target-rmn-container"> <pre id="tw-target-rmn" dir="ltr" data-placeholder=""></pre> </div> <div class="iYB33c"> <div class="dlJLJe"> <div data-cviv="false" data-ved="2ahUKEwiW1M3tgMX6AhUGqJUCHVhFBgsQz_AEegQIARAP"> <div class="U9URNb"> </div> <div class="U9URNb"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="iYB33c"> <div class="dlJLJe"> <div data-cviv="false" data-ved="2ahUKEwiW1M3tgMX6AhUGqJUCHVhFBgsQz_AEegQIARAP"> <div class="U9URNb"> <div class="iYB33c"> <div class="dlJLJe"> <div data-cviv="false" data-ved="2ahUKEwiW1M3tgMX6AhUGqJUCHVhFBgsQz_AEegQIARAP"> <div class="U9URNb"> <div id="tw-target-text-container" class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> <div class="iYB33c"> <p id="tw-tmenu" class="tw-menu"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">C</span></span></strong></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="tw-tmenu" class="tw-menu"></div> </div> <div id="tw-target-text-container" class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Cascade Detection: </span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Systematic process for the identification of people at risk of presenting a hereditary condition within a family. The first step in cascade screening is the search for a pathogenic, or likely pathogenic, variant by broad-based analysis in a family member who is usually affected. At-risk biological relatives then undergo a test that detects only the specific familial variant. The process is repeated as more people affected or carriers of the pathogenic variant are identified.</span></p> </div> <div class="iYB33c"> <div> <div data-cviv="false" data-ved="2ahUKEwiW1M3tgMX6AhUGqJUCHVhFBgsQz_AEegQIARAP"> <div> <div id="tw-target-text-container" tabindex="0"> <p><strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Carrier Frequency: </span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Proportion of individuals in a population that have a single copy of a specific recessive gene variant. Carrier frequency is also sometimes referred to as the prevalence of variants in genes with a dominant effect, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2.</span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="tw-tmenu" class="tw-menu"> <div id="tw-target-text-container" class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Chromosome: </span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Structure found inside the cell nucleus made up of proteins and DNA organized into genes. A normal cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.</span></p> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Chromosome Instability: </span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Genomic imbalance that occurs when a cell has an abnormal number of chromosomes. The cause may be an unexpected crossing over of chromosomes or the presence of small extrachromosomal DNA fragments.</span></p> <p><strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Codon: </span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">In the DNA or RNA molecule, a sequence of 3 consecutive nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid. Some codons indicate the start or end of gene translation.</span></p> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Compound heterozygosity: </span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en"> </span><span lang="en">Presence of two different mutated alleles at a specific gene locus.</span></span></p> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Congenital: </span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">A condition or trait present at birth that results from genetic or other factors.</span></p> <p><strong><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Consanguinity: </span></strong></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Genetic relationship between descendants of a common ancestor.</span></p> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Constitutional DNA: </span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en">Referring to the DNA of tissues derived from reproductive cells (eggs or sperm) that is incorporated into the DNA of all cells of the offspring. A germline mutation is passed from parent to offspring.</span></span></p> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Co-segregation: </span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Simultaneous transmission of two or more genes from the same chromosome because they are located very close to each other (they are linked genes).</span></p> <p><strong><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Cytogenetics: </span></strong></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en">Study of the structure, function and abnormalities of human chromosomes.</span></span></p> <div id="tw-target-text-container" tabindex="0"></div> <div id="tw-target-text-container" tabindex="0"></div> <div id="tw-target-text-container" tabindex="0"></div> <div id="tw-target-text-container" tabindex="0"></div> <p> </p> <p><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="/cms/uploads/editor/20221004010954_dna-structure.jpg" alt="structure dna test" width="444" height="250" /></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="tw-tmenu" class="tw-menu"> <div id="tw-target-text-container" class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> <div class="iYB33c"> <div class="dlJLJe"> <div data-cviv="false" data-ved="2ahUKEwiW1M3tgMX6AhUGqJUCHVhFBgsQz_AEegQIARAP"> <p class="U9URNb"> </p> <p class="U9URNb"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">D</span></span></strong></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="tw-target-text-container" class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA): </span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Molecule inside the cell that contains the genetic information responsible for the development and functioning of an organism. These molecules are the means of transmitting genetic information from one generation to the next. Its structure is a double-stranded helix linked by weak hydrogen bonds between purine and pyrimidine nucleotide base pairs: <strong>adenine</strong> (A) bonds with <strong>thymine</strong> (T) and <strong>guanine</strong> (G) bonds with <strong>cytosine</strong> (C).</span></p> <div id="tw-target-text-container" class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">DL: </span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">It occurs when there are alleles (DNA markers) that, due to their physical proximity on a chromosome, occur together more frequently than would be expected by chance.</span></p> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Domain:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en"> In a protein, it is a specific physical region that has a certain function or an amino acid sequence that corresponds to a specific DNA segment.</span></span></p> <div id="tw-target-text-container" class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> <p><strong><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Double Heterozygosity: </span></strong></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Presence of two different mutated alleles at two separate gene loci.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="/cms/uploads/editor/20221004011019_doctor-analysis-dna-test.jpg" alt="doctor analysis dna test " width="506" height="326" /></p> <p> </p> </div> <div class="iYB33c"> <div id="tw-tmenu" class="tw-menu"></div> </div> <div id="tw-target-rmn-container" class="tw-target-rmn tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl"> <pre id="tw-target-rmn" class="tw-data-placeholder tw-text-small tw-ta" dir="ltr" data-placeholder=""></pre> </div> <div class="iYB33c"> <div class="dlJLJe"> <div data-cviv="false" data-ved="2ahUKEwiW1M3tgMX6AhUGqJUCHVhFBgsQz_AEegQIARAP"> <p class="U9URNb"> </p> <p class="U9URNb"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">E</span></span></strong></p> </div> </div> <div id="tw-tmenu" class="tw-menu"> <p><strong><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Epigenetics: </span></strong></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en"><span lang="en">Study of hereditary changes that influence gene expression without affecting the DNA sequence.</span></span><strong><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en"> </span></strong></strong></span></p> </div> </div> <div id="tw-target-text-container" class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Epigenetic Alteration: </span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Inherited change that influences gene expression but does not affect DNA sequence. For example, promoter methylation or histone modifications.</span></p> <div id="tw-target-text-container" class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Exon: </span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">DNA sequence present in mature messenger RNA. Some exons code for the amino acids of proteins. Most genes have multiple exons interspersed with introns.</span></p> <div id="tw-target-text-container" class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> <p><strong><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Extended family: </span></strong></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en"><span lang="en">Extended family. Also called kindred and relatives.</span></span><strong><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en"> </span></strong></strong></span></p> <div id="tw-target-rmn-container" class="tw-target-rmn tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl"> <pre id="tw-target-rmn" class="tw-data-placeholder tw-text-small tw-ta" dir="ltr" data-placeholder=""></pre> </div> <div class="iYB33c"> <div class="dlJLJe"> </div> </div> </div> <div id="tw-target-rmn-container" class="tw-target-rmn tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl"> <pre id="tw-target-rmn" class="tw-data-placeholder tw-text-small tw-ta" dir="ltr" data-placeholder=""></pre> </div> <div class="iYB33c"> <div class="dlJLJe"> <div data-cviv="false" data-ved="2ahUKEwiW1M3tgMX6AhUGqJUCHVhFBgsQz_AEegQIARAP"> <div class="U9URNb"><strong><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="/cms/uploads/editor/20221004011045_little-girl-dna-genetic-test-paternity-maternity-test.jpg" alt="little girl dna maternity test" width="501" height="354" /> </strong></div> <div class="U9URNb"> </div> <p class="U9URNb"> </p> <p class="U9URNb"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">F</span></span></strong></p> <div class="U9URNb"> <div id="tw-target-text-container" class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Family: </span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Phenotype or trait that occurs more frequently in a given family than in the general population.</span></p> </div> <div id="tw-target-rmn-container" class="tw-target-rmn tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl"> <pre id="tw-target-rmn" class="tw-data-placeholder tw-text-small tw-ta" dir="ltr" data-placeholder=""></pre> </div> <div class="iYB33c"> <div class="dlJLJe"> <div data-cviv="false" data-ved="2ahUKEwiW1M3tgMX6AhUGqJUCHVhFBgsQz_AEegQIARAP"> <div class="U9URNb"> <div id="tw-target-text-container" class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">First degree relative: </span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Parents, siblings or children of a person.</span></p> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">FISH: </span></span></span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en">A technique for identifying the presence of specific chromosomes or chromosomal regions by hybridizing or binding denatured chromosomal DNA to fluorescently labeled DNA probes. Microscopic examination with fluorescent light allows detection of the luminescent signal of hybridization or the absence of this signal.</span></span></p> <p><strong><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">FSG: </span></span></span></strong></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en">Uncles, grandparents, grandchildren, nephews or half brothers of a person. Also called a second degree relative.</span></span><strong><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span></span></strong></strong></p> <div id="tw-target-rmn-container" class="tw-target-rmn tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl"> <pre id="tw-target-rmn" class="tw-data-placeholder tw-text-small tw-ta" dir="ltr" data-placeholder=""></pre> </div> <p><strong><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">FTG: </span></span></span></strong></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en">First cousins, great-grandparents, great-uncles, great-nephews, great-grandchildren, or half-siblings of one of a person's parents. Also called a third degree relative.</span></span></p> <p> </p> </div> <div class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> </div> <div class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="/cms/uploads/editor/20221004011105_microscope-laboratory-analysis-sample.jpg" alt="laboratory analysis sample saliva test" width="418" height="278" /></div> <div class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> </div> <div class="iYB33c"> <div id="tw-tmenu" class="tw-menu"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="tw-target-text-container" class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> <p id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" data-placeholder="Traducción"></p> </div> <div class="iYB33c"> <div id="tw-tmenu" class="tw-menu"></div> </div> </div> <div class="U9URNb"> </div> <div class="U9URNb"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 14pt;">G</span></span></strong></div> <div class="U9URNb"> <div id="tw-target-text-container" class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Gene: </span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">The fundamental unit of heredity that passes from parents to children. Genes are made up of DNA sequences and are arranged, one after another, at specific locations on chromosomes in the nucleus of cells. They contain information to make specific proteins that lead to the expression of a particular physical trait or characteristic, such as hair or eye color, or that have a particular function in a cell.</span></p> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Genealogical Tree: </span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Family history chart using standardized symbols. In a family tree, the relationships between relatives are represented and the members of the family that have certain pathogenic genetic variants, traits and diseases are indicated, in addition it is indicated if they have already died. This diagram is used to determine the type of inheritance of a disease within a family group.</span></p> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Genotype:</span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;"> In its broadest sense, genotype refers to the complete genetic makeup of an individual. It is often used in a narrower sense to refer to the set of alleles present at one or more specific loci.</span></p> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Genotyped:</span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;"> Laboratory process for analyzing an individual's germline DNA to identify specific nucleotides or bases that can determine the presence of certain variants. Genotyping is different from sequencing, in which all nucleotides in a DNA segment of a specific length are analyzed.</span></p> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Genetic Anticipation: </span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Phenomenon in which the signs and symptoms of some genetic conditions become more severe or appear at younger ages as the disorder is passed from one generation to the next.</span></p> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Genetic Screening: </span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">The process of genetically testing a population to identify individuals at increased risk for a specific genetic disorder or who are carriers of a genetic variant associated with a specific disorder.</span></p> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Genetic Heterogeneity: </span></span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describes different genetic mechanisms that produce the same phenotype, or similar phenotypes. There are two types of genetic heterogeneity: allelic heterogeneity and locus heterogeneity. <strong>Allelic heterogeneity</strong> occurs when different variants at a specific gene locus produce the same or similar phenotypic expression of a disease or condition. <strong>Locus heterogeneity</strong> occurs when variants at different gene loci cause the same or similar phenotypic expression of a disease or condition.</span></p> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Germ Line: </span></span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Cells that give rise to eggs and sperm.</span></p> <p><strong><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Germ Line DNA: </span></span></strong></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Refers to DNA from tissues derived from reproductive cells (eggs or sperm) that is incorporated into the DNA of all cells of the offspring. A germline mutation is passed from parent to offspring.</span></p> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="tw-tmenu" class="tw-menu"></div> </div> </div> <div id="tw-target-text-container" class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> <p id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" data-placeholder="Traducción"></p> </div> </div> <div id="tw-target-text-container" class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> <div id="tw-target-rmn-container" class="tw-target-rmn tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl"> <pre id="tw-target-rmn" class="tw-data-placeholder tw-text-small tw-ta" dir="ltr" data-placeholder=""></pre> </div> <div class="iYB33c"> <div class="dlJLJe"> <div data-cviv="false" data-ved="2ahUKEwiW1M3tgMX6AhUGqJUCHVhFBgsQz_AEegQIARAP"> <div class="U9URNb"> </div> <div class="U9URNb"><strong><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="/cms/uploads/editor/20221004011136_microscope-observation-dna-samples-saliva.jpg" alt="observation microscope analysis test dna." width="513" height="341" /></strong></div> <div class="U9URNb"> </div> <div class="U9URNb"> </div> <p class="U9URNb"> </p> <p class="U9URNb"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">H</span></span></strong></p> </div> </div> <div id="tw-tmenu" class="tw-menu"> <div id="tw-target-text-container" class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Haploinsufficiency: </span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">A situation that occurs when one copy of a gene is inactivated or deleted and the remaining working copy of the gene is not sufficient to produce the amount of gene product needed to maintain normal function.</span></p> <p><strong><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Haplotype: </span></strong></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en">A set of closely related genetic markers present on a chromosome that tend to be inherited together.</span></span></p> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Hemizygous: </span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describes an individual who has only one chromosome from the normal pair of chromosomes, or who has only one chromosome segment instead of the usual two. Hemizygosis is often used to describe X-linked genes in males because they only have one X chromosome.</span></p> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Heritability: </span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">The proportion of variation of a trait in a population that can be attributed to inherited genetic factors. The heritability estimate ranges from 0 to 1; it is often expressed as a percentage. A number close to 1 indicates that a trait is highly heritable in a population.</span></p> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Heteroduplex analysis:</span></span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;"> Method for detecting sequence differences between normal DNA and DNA under analysis.</span></p> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Heterozygous genotype: </span></span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Presence of two different alleles at a given gene locus. The heterozygous genotype has one normal allele and one mutated allele or two alleles with different mutations.</span></p> <p><strong><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Hypomelanosis: </span></span></strong></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en">Melanin deficiency.</span></span></p> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Homozygous genotype: </span></span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Presence of two identical alleles at a particular gene locus. A homozygous genotype has two normal alleles or two alleles with the same variant.</span></p> <p> </p> </div> <div class="iYB33c"> <div id="tw-tmenu" class="tw-menu"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> <div id="tw-target-text-container" class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> <div id="tw-target-rmn-container" class="tw-target-rmn tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl"> <pre id="tw-target-rmn" class="tw-data-placeholder tw-text-small tw-ta" dir="ltr" data-placeholder=""></pre> </div> <div class="iYB33c"> <div class="dlJLJe"> <div data-cviv="false" data-ved="2ahUKEwiW1M3tgMX6AhUGqJUCHVhFBgsQz_AEegQIARAP"> <div class="U9URNb"><strong><img id="dimg_3" class="YQ4gaf zr758c wA1Bge" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAQAAAAngNWGAAABDUlEQVR4AYXRgUZDYRjH4TegFTKgpEqiFJgoWAoMEQGBgBboChaaAKxLKAhAhQqAdAmpBIQolkCFqp2nITvNKXuA7+/Hhzey5OWjE4Nq3rzY1f9/NGHPB549492+8Ww060iCS2XdctZdI3GsECmb+HJoIX6x6EgDm+lURTH+YB7V9nAqE5WNme4YKuOiY6iMe6PaQxUUIuTbswgFVNJwA8sO3Bn6yR6bWZMSNtJwDtuWfHpQxaPx9C9zadil7jrCigbq6UXceNIVKTWUIqypm2ytJdTiNyNeXclF6GttOVfeDEc7qzjR23r3OMFqZKng1kw0mXGLrfibHTScOZWgGv9TdC6ROFeMTgwYiIxvJzMRWQbeGZUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" alt="Ícono de validado por la comunidad" width="16" height="16" data-atf="0" data-frt="0" /></strong></div> <div class="U9URNb"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="/cms/uploads/editor/20221004011200_mother-and-daughter-maternity-DNA-test.jpg" alt="mother with daughter maternity test dna loci" width="379" height="569" /></div> <p class="U9URNb"> </p> <p class="U9URNb"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">I</span></span></strong></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="iYB33c"> <div class="dlJLJe"> <div data-cviv="false" data-ved="2ahUKEwiW1M3tgMX6AhUGqJUCHVhFBgsQz_AEegQIARAP"> <div class="U9URNb"> <div id="tw-target-text-container" class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Informative: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en">In linkage analysis, it refers to the ability to differentiate maternally inherited and paternally inherited DNA markers (polymorphisms) that are within or near a gene of interest.</span></span></p> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Informed consent: </span></span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Process of exchanging information between a health professional and a person or their legal representative, whose purpose is to facilitate autonomous and informed decision-making. The informed consent process for genetic testing should include an explanation of the medical and psychosocial risks, benefits, limitations, and potential implications of genetic testing; it also includes a discussion of privacy, confidentiality, documentation, and processing of genetic test results, as well as options for treating the risk of inherited diseases.</span></p> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Insertion: </span></span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">A type of genetic change that involves the addition of a segment of DNA.</span></p> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Intron: </span></span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">DNA sequence located between exons that is first transcribed into RNA but is removed from the final RNA transcript, and thus does not change the amino acid code.</span></p> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Investment: </span></span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Chromosomal abnormality in which a chromosome segment breaks and then rejoins, but in the reverse direction.</span></p> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> <div class="iYB33c"> <div class="dlJLJe"> <div data-cviv="false" data-ved="2ahUKEwiW1M3tgMX6AhUGqJUCHVhFBgsQz_AEegQIARAP"> <div class="U9URNb"> <div id="tw-target-text-container" class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> <div id="tw-target-text-container" class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> <div id="tw-target-text-container" class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> <p id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" data-placeholder="Traducción"></p> </div> <div id="tw-target-rmn-container" class="tw-target-rmn tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl"> <pre id="tw-target-rmn" class="tw-data-placeholder tw-text-small tw-ta" dir="ltr" data-placeholder=""></pre> </div> <div class="iYB33c"> <div class="dlJLJe"> <div data-cviv="false" data-ved="2ahUKEwiW1M3tgMX6AhUGqJUCHVhFBgsQz_AEegQIARAP"> <div class="U9URNb"> </div> <div class="U9URNb"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="/cms/uploads/editor/20221004011234_stacks-of-books.jpg" alt="stacks of books dna chromosome terms" width="402" height="266" /></div> <div class="U9URNb"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="iYB33c"> <div id="tw-tmenu" class="tw-menu"></div> </div> </div> <div id="tw-target-rmn-container" class="tw-target-rmn tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl"> <pre id="tw-target-rmn" class="tw-data-placeholder tw-text-small tw-ta" dir="ltr" data-placeholder=""></pre> </div> <div class="iYB33c"> <div class="dlJLJe"> <div data-cviv="false" data-ved="2ahUKEwiW1M3tgMX6AhUGqJUCHVhFBgsQz_AEegQIARAP"> <p class="U9URNb"> </p> <p class="U9URNb"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">L</span></span></strong></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="tw-target-text-container" class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Linkage Disequilibrium: </span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">It occurs when there are alleles (DNA markers) that, due to their physical proximity on a chromosome, occur together more frequently than would be expected by chance.</span></p> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Ligation: </span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">The tendency for genes or DNA segments to segregate together during meiosis when they are located very close together on a chromosome and are therefore inherited together.</span></p> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Locus: </span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en">Site or physical location of a specific gene on a chromosome.</span></span></p> <p><strong><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Locus heterogeneity: </span></strong><span lang="en" style="font-size: 12pt;">Presence of variants at different gene loci that cause the same or similar phenotypic expression of a disease or condition.</span></p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="/cms/uploads/editor/20221004011310_scientist-in-the-laboratory-observes-and-analyzes-a-sample-of-saliva.jpg" alt="scientist definition dna analysis" width="401" height="271" /></p> <p> </p> </div> <div class="iYB33c"> <div id="tw-tmenu" class="tw-menu"></div> </div> <p id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" data-placeholder="Traducción"></p> <h3 class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> </h3> <h3 class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> </h3> <h3 id="tw-target-text-container" class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Conclusion</span></h3> <p class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Here ends the first part of specific terms and definitions that you need to be able to easily understand those words that are difficult to understand.</span></p> <p class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> </p> <p class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="/cms/uploads/editor/20221004011337_sisterhood-test-identical-twin-sisters.jpg" alt="sisters twins dna siblings test" width="419" height="279" /></span></p> </div> <div class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> </div> <div class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Contact us today to make an appointment with our laboratories and refer you, with personalized attention through our customer service, to the laboratory closest to your home. Get a DNA test as soon as possible. Our offices are waiting for your contact.Contact us by WhatsApp at the number: <a class="cta-title" href="https://api.whatsapp.com/send?phone=16474550443&text=Hi,%20I%20want%20more%20information%20about%20DNA%20TEST%20(homednapaternitykit.com),%20I%20live%20in%20the%20city:" target="_blank" rel="noopener">+1 647 455 0443.</a></span></div> <div class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> </div> <div class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Our experts will talk with you. They speak in Spanish, French and English.</span></div> <div class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"><br /><span style="font-size: 12pt;">We provide a DNA testing service that has international reach. Wherever you are, we will help you and guide you step by step, what you must do to place your order and how to send it to our laboratories.</span></div> <div class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"><br /><span style="font-size: 12pt;">We are here to help. You can also leave us a comment below. We will respond to you shortly.</span></div> <div class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> </div> <div class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> </div> <div class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> </div> <div class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> </div> <div class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> </div> <div class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"> </div> <div class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><strong>Related Posts</strong></span></div> <ul> <li class="tw-ta-container F0azHf tw-nfl" tabindex="0"><a title="Foods or Drinks, alter the results of dna tests?" href="https://homednapaternitykit.com/article/can-food-or-drinks-alter-the-results-of-dna-tests-find-out-here-30" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Can food or drinks, alter the results of DNA tests? 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